ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY AND INSTRUMENTAL INSTRUMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

The teaching of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry is part of the core educational activities of the three-year degree course in Chemistry and Sustainable Technologies, aimed at providing students with the appropriate preparation to deal with a chemical problem in its various articulations and with the appropriate use of current technical-scientific language.

The course is divided into two modules (defined as Module 1 and Module 2) of theory lessons . Both modules have common training objectives listed below:
1. To provide knowledge of the general principles on which the instrumental analytical techniques most commonly used in chemical analysis laboratories are based.
2. To provide knowledge on the functioning of the instrumentation and on the modality of reading the responses obtained from the different types of instruments and their correlation with the theoretical aspects dealt with.
3. Develop critical sense that allows students to evaluate the potentials, advantages and limitations of the various instrumental analytical techniques studied.
4. Introduce the students to the conscious evaluation of the role of instrumental analytical methods in the specific field of quality control.
5. Develop skills in the evaluation and reliability of an analytical data.
6. Develop skills to apply an appropriate experimental approach to scientific investigation.
The expected results are defined according to the different contents of the two modules of the teaching of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry.

Knowledge and understanding
A) Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles of separation instrumental analytical techniques and of the laws that govern them.
B) Knowledge and understanding of the elements that make up the instruments with which analytical measurements are performed by means of chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques and combinations thereof.

2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding
A) Ability to use the laws and knowledge learned to establish, from a theoretical point of view, the performance of the tools and the results expected from their use.
B) Knowing how to choose the most suitable instrumental apparatus to perform an analytical measurement on samples characterized by different degrees of complexity.

3. Ability to judge
A) Ability to evaluate the quality of the responses obtained from the different analytical instrumentation considered.
B) Knowing how to identify anomalous instrumental responses generated by the electronic and electrical components that constitute the considered instrumentation.

4. Communication skills
A) Knowing how to describe, both in written and oral form, the theoretical aspects treated using an appropriate language, scientifically correct and with consistent logic.
B) Knowing how to describe, in both written and oral form, the different parts that make up standard tools in relation to the analytical techniques considered.

5. Learning skills
Develop the ability to take notes identifying autonomously the salient aspects of the analytical techniques and methods based on the different instrumental analytical techniques considered.

To have reached the educational objectives of: mathematics institutions with exercises - 1 and 2, Physics 2, Analytical chemistry, General and inorganic chemistry, possibly (but not necessarily) having passed the examination of these teachings.

To achieve the training objectives and the expected learning outcomes, the contents developed in Modules 1 and 2 are summarized below.

General introduction to instrumental analytical methods. Principles of amplification and measurement of signals. Signal and noise. Detection limit. Standardization, calibration, dynamic range, sensitivity and selectivity.
Introduction to spectrophotometric methods. Electromagnetic radiation. Quantitative aspects of spectroscopic measurements. Instrumentation for optical spectroscopy.
Introduction to atomic spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy, emission and atomic fluorescence. Sample atomization techniques.
Molecular spectroscopy: Introduction to molecular absorption spectrophotometry in ultraviolet and visible. Components of the instrumentation. Application of UV-vis molecular spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis.
Introduction to electroanalytical chemistry. Recall of the fundamentals of electrochemistry: electrochemical cells, cell potential, Nernst's law. Types of electrochemical methods of analysis.
Potentiometric analytical techniques: general principles; metal, membrane, ion-selective and enzymatic indicator electrodes; reference electrodes. Instruments for measuring cell potential.
Voltammetry: general principles. Excitation signals and instrumentation. Chronoamperometry - Cottrell equation. Cyclic voltammetry - Randles-Sevcik equation. Voltammetry applications.
Solvent extraction methods. partition and distribution coefficient. Theory of extraction: batchwise single stage and multistage countercurrent extraction.
Chromatographic methods on the column and chromatogram.
Theoretical aspects of chromatography. Distribution coefficient; linear chromatography; retention time and dead time; capacity factor (or retention factor); selectivity; efficiency and number of theoretical plates. Theory of the theoretical plate; kinetic theory and factors affecting the peak shape; van Deemter's equation. Resolution and its relationship with other chromatographic parameters.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis. Internal standard method.
Gas-chromatography. Classification: liquid (or breakdown) gas (GLC) and solid gas (GSC).
GLC: Packaged and capillary chromatographic columns; supports for the stationary phase for packed columns; stationary phases and their choice on the basis of the characteristics of the solute; mobile phases and their characteristics. Effect of temperature on the elution of the analytes. GSC: stationary phases; Injection systems: syringe and split-splitless injectors.
Detectors: thermal conductivity; flame ionization; electronic capture. Derivatization methods.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): General aspects of the technique.
Adsorption chromatography: types of stationary phases and mobile phases; solvent force elution mechanis.
Liquid-liquid chromatography: normal phase (or direct) inverse phase elution. Columns with bounded phases and methods of preparation. Choice of the stationary phase and mobile phase; polarity index. Reverse phase chromatography and solvophobic theory. Ion-pair chromatography.
Ion-exchange chromatography: selectivity coefficient; selectivity scale; ion exchange chromatography with suppression.
Size exclusion chromatography.
Pumps. Detectors: photometric and spectrophotometric; refractive index; conductometric.
Basics of Mass Spectrometry: Ionization sources systems: electron impact; chemical ionization. Mass analyzers: time of flight; single and double focusing magnetic deflection; quadrupole. Ion collectors. Resolution and mass spectra. Examples of spectra and modes of representation.

As support for the study, the various texts of analytical instrumental chemistry at the university level are acceptable. However, one of the following texts is suggested:

- Skoog D.A., West D.M., Holler F.J., Crough S.R., Fondamenti di Chimica Analitica, EdiSES, Napoli, III ed. (2015), op. II Ed.(2005).
- Skoog D.A., Holler F.J., Crouch S.R., Chimica Analitica Strumentale, EdiSES, Napoli, 2009.
- Skoog D.A. , Leary J.J, Chimica Analitica Strumentale, EdiSES, Napoli, 2000.
- Harris D.C., Chimica Analitica Quantitativa, seconda edizione, Zanichelli, Bologna, 2005.
- Rubinson K.A., Rubinson J.F., Chimica Analitica Strumentale, Zanichelli, Bologna, 2002.

The assessment of learning related to the theoretical part of the teaching of analytical instrumental chemistry, module 1, is carried out by means of a written examination. The exam consists of a series of open questions related to the theoretical and applicative aspects of the different analytical techniques dealt with in the lessons. The proposed questions are of different levels: comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and critical evaluation.

The final mark of the Teaching Analytical Chemistry course is composed of the arithmetic mean between:
- vote of the written (or oral, depending on the pandemic restrictions) exam of Module 1;
- the oral examination of Module 2 (the procedure is described in the relevant Syllabus);


The different modality of learning verification concerning the theoretical part of the two modules of this teaching, ie written for Module 1 and oral for Module 2, is consistent with one of the expected results concerning the development of communication skills both in written and oral.

Teaching will take place through lectures in which the theoretical bases concerning spectroscopic and electrochemical instrumental analytical techniques will be presented and discussed.

Italian

Accommodation and support services for students with disabilities and students with specific learning impairments: Ca’ Foscari abides by Italian Law (Law 17/1999; Law 170/2010) regarding support services and accommodation available to students with disabilities. This includes students with mobility, visual, hearing and other disabilities (Law 17/1999), and specific learning impairments (Law 170/2010). In the case of disability or impairment that requires accommodations (i.e., alternate testing, readers, note takers or interpreters) please contact the Disability and Accessibility Offices in Student Services: disabilita@unive.it

STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE COURSE COULD CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC.

written and oral

This subject deals with topics related to the macro-area "Natural capital and environmental quality" and contributes to the achievement of one or more goals of U. N. Agenda for Sustainable Development